This blog is created solely to record down discoveries made in my pursuit for the truth behind this world.

Industry
Factors influencing location of industry
-Sit Sit Rover...

Weight-gaining industries
-located near markets
pg 25 Toyota cars(Kelang Valley, Msia) - companies located in SEAsia
Brazil

Weight-losing Industries
-located near raw materials
--------pg22 eg Saw mills are located near forests
-logs are bulky and difficult to transport
-Sawn timber only 40% of the wood in a log


Global Industrial Shift
PUSH FACTORS
-high labour costs in DCs
-older work force in DCs
-strong labour unions in DCs
-older factories and infrastructure
-expensive land
-planning controls by government - few or no tax incentives



PULL FACTORS
-cheap land in LDCS
-cheaper labour in LDCs - 12hr/day, US$120/month, 6days
-strike-free eg in Spore (but not in Korea)
-new facilities, well planned infrastructure eg Spore(wafer fabrication, clean water)
-Government assistance
.-----.incentives, tax free 5 yrs
.-----.planned industrial estates
.-----.Free Trade Zones eg Hong Kong
.-----.Special Economic Zone eg Shen Zhen
-Large, ready markets


Facilitating factors
SPACE-SHRINKING TECHNOLOGY
a)transport tech- large cargo ships, jet aircraft
-------- reduce relative time and distance taken to travel between countries
b)Containerisation - higher speed + efficiency of transporting goods

COMMUNICATION TECH
"transmission of information between individuals or groups through use of satellite tech and optical fibre systems"
-enables emails and video-conferencing between headquarters and branches all over world

TNCs(or MNCs) WITH CAPITAL OF TECH
-large capital and expertise to operate far-flung companies all over the world



Factors Promoting trend of transference or global industrial shift
M - MNCs
S - Space Shrinking Tech
G - Govt incentives/planning
C - competitive advantage(land, labour, markets and raw materials)


Impact of trend of transference
-Shift in manufaturing from DCs to LDCs and corresponding decrease in employment in manufacturing in DCs
-By 1990's high tech manufacturing has shifted to LDCs
-Increase in foreign direct investment in LDCs(selected LDCs eg China, Thailand, Msia)
-increase in exports of manufacturing products in LDCs
-Growth of NIEs
- +/- of MNCs


NIEs
Tier 1 - 60's to 80's - 4 Asian Tigers
Tier 2 - 80's - Mix Beans Make Indonesian Pineapple Tarts
Tier 3 - 90's(outsourcing) - India, China, Vietnam, Chile(or is it chili?)(ICVC)


3 Characteristics
-fast rate of growth in manufacturing
-rising share of world exports of manufacturing
-fast growth in real per capita income


Case Study of electronics industry of India eg Bangalore
-land
-skilled labour - 169 polytechnics
-govt support
-market
-transport
-raw materials(gold, copper)


Challenges facing electronic industry
T - technology lagging behind
R - raw materials - shortage of equipment
I - infrastructure
.------.power failure
.------.traffic congestion
C - Competition from China, Msia
Dear - depletion of resourced - eg deforestation, coal, copper
Police - pollution eg by e-waste


Sustainability of industrial Devt
M - managing depleting resources - regulate land use
A - appropriate use of tech - remote sensing - more efficient
R - recycling of e-waste(reuse copper, lead, gold) eg ASH recyclers


MNCs
Benefits - REDDSSSS
------------FDI

Disadvantages - pollution
--------------------mass unemployment
--------------------exploitation 40000 fingers broken...
-------------------- Sweat shops
--------------------small firms squeezed out
--------------------squatter development - RU migration
--------------------deforestaton


...................................................................................................


FOOD

Factors influencing food variation
Affordability
-purchasing power(1/5 richest countries owns 85% of world's income)
-1 in 3 children in Asia, L.America, Africa are malnourished

Stability
-political conflict(Iraq, Afghanistan...)
-poor planning
-production of non-staple food eg Biofuels( Palm oil in M'sia, Coffee in Indonesia)
-bird flu+diseases
-natural hazards eg floods, droughts, earthquakes -> poor harvests

Accessibility
- globalisation - fast food outlets growing rapidly - access to diff types of fast food eg sushi outlets, KFC
- trade - greater access to food but trade barriers can limit access to food
.----------eg 1991 Iraq war
--------------. Trade embargo by US
--------------. less access to fertilisers
-transport facilities
.------.refrigeration - rapid distribution of perishable food is possible
.------.Natural Barriers eg landlocked countries of Afghanistan
-------------> less access to food
.------.Presence of food outlets eg supermarkets in urban areas
-------------> few in rural areas



Effects of variations in food consumption
Starvation( <1000kcal/day average ="2586kcal/day)
-----------1 child dies every 5 sec
-----------organs damaged - death

Malnutrition - inbalanced nutrients
-----------------LDCs
---------------------.rickets(lack vit D and calcium)
---------------------.anaemia(lack iron)
-----------------DCs
---------------------.anorexia
---------------------.bulimia

Obesity - more nutrients than necessary
-----------------high blood pressure
-----------------heart disease


Solution to food problems(responses to variations in food consumption)
-International Organisation eg World Food Program(WFP)
-.Food for World project in Somalia - build irrigation channels
-.School feeding program in Cambodia
------ nutritious breakfast
------ but still large no. of people suffering

-Government response
-------Food subsidies
----------.eg free school lunches for low income families
----------.BUT over reliance mentality
----------.INSTEAD, poor can learn skills - long term solution
----------.BUT require $ and effortm not easily achieved in LDCs
----------.SOMETIMES, corrupt government divert funds to corrupt officials

-------Stockpiling
------------.LDCs can't buy extra food for stockpiling
------------.DCs can afford to stockpile/refrigerated warehouse
-----------------eg Spore(3 months rice supply
-----------------sometimes, DCs stockpiling increase food price

-------Green Revolution
------------.HYV seeds eg IR58 - double rice yields
------------------------------------- 100 days to mature
------------.Irrigation
---------------------double cropping
---------------------reliable water supply
---------------------marginal land can be made arable
---------------------reduces flood/poor harvests/droughts
------------.fertilisers
------------.pesticides
------------.machinery eg harvesters, tractors - speed up farm operation

-Blue revolution
---------.Steady fish supply

-Production of non-staple food by LDCs
---------.eg coffee growing in Indonesia and Vietnam



Factors influencing intensity of food production
PSLE Pity

P hysical - relief, climate, soil(recliso)
S ocial - Land tenant and land fragmentation
E conomic - Demand
--.eg for coffee will encourage more farmers to grow coffee at the.expense of rice
--.capital - $needed for fertilisers, pesticides, machinery
P olitical - government policies
--.eg Spore's devt of high-tech farming to increase production
--.eg FELDA scheme in M'sia for rice cultivation in Kedah Plain-a success

T echnological - Green revolution
---------------------.IR58
---------------------.irrigation
---------------------.chemicals
---------------------.machinery

------------------- Blue revolution
---------------------.10% growth of fish farms per year
---------------------.Stable supply
---------------------------increase fertility of fish
---------------------------resistance to disease
---------------------------BUT
---------------------------reduce biodiversity
---------------------------nutrient pollute seas
---------------------------catch small fish to feed salmon - wastage
---------------------.Supported by ADB(Asian Devt Bank)


Effects of Food intensification(+/-)
I rrigation - Salinisation, water logging(-)
C hemicals - eutrophication, pollution of rivers and ground water(-)
GM - increase income(+)
-------stay fresh(+)
-------pest resistant eg Bt Corn(+)
-------increase nutritional value - golden rice(+)
-------health concerns
--------------lectin in potatoes(-)
--------------allergic reactions(-)
--------------not well-labelled hence consumers can't make informed decisions(-)
-------loss of biodiversity
--------------------.pest resistant plants eg Bt toxin in corn
--------------------- affect monarch butterfly(larvae die at a higher rate)
-------loss of natural species
--------------------.pollen of pest-resistant carried by wind/insects
--------------------- gene pollution of natural plant species
--------------------- loss of biodiversity


Effectiveness of Food production
-reduces starvation / malnutrition
-but dominance by agribusiness
--.compete with LDCs eg poor farmers can't compete
--.overproduction by agribusiness may create over supply + cause prices to fall
------eg coffee prices fall
-export of food crops eg by Punjab to Europe
-----.for pet food
-----.locals can't buy food as it is expensive
-lack of health education
-----.many still eat unbalanced diet
-unscrupulous(?) greedy producers
-----.contamination of food -tainted milk from China which contains melamine
----------- kidney stones
----------- death of babies



Addressing Challenges
-WFProgram for malnourished children in Cambodia
-Improvement in tech
------.transport network - better distribution
------.better food storage - through irradiation and vacuum packaging
-labelling of GM foods for health reasons


....................................................................



DEVELOPMENT

How to alleviate uneven devt

International Scale
a) International organisation
-----World Bank
--------.loans at low interest for building irrigation projects
------------eg Tirtomoyo village in Indonesia
-----Asian Development Bank
--------.higher quality of life in Asia
------------eg Bangladesh - Jamuna Multi-purpose Bridge project
-------------------------------->connects agriculture to city and port

b)International Agreement
----UNMDG
-------.to half poverty by 2015 (poverty=< color="#ffffff">----------eg Vietnam poverty has decreased from 59% to 24%

----UNCLOS (UN convention of the law of the sea)
------.protect coastal fishermen in countried
---------eg Peru (326km around city)
------.protect against water pollution
---------BUT lanlocked country do not benefit
----------eg Bolivia


National Scale
a)Improve water Supply and Sanitation
-----eg Parivartan Slum Networking Programme in Alimendabad
-------.Death rates decrease from 6.9/1000 to 3.7/1000

b)Improve education
-----eg Thailand - Hill Tribe Education Project
--------->"Education for All" Volunteer
--------->better farming methods
-------however,isolated locations, difficult to reach all

c)Population control eg 1 child policy in China(1979 onwards)
-----However difficult to reach all
---------.rural areas continue to have more than 2
-----Bad effect
-------. encouraged female infanticide
---------- causing an ageing population as fewer young people replace pop

d)Job creation and assisstance
-----microfinance eg KALAHI plan in philippines
--------------.3 mil ppl benefitted
---------however, need to diversify products
------------.poor need market access to sell goods
------------.hard to reach remote villages
-----Grameer Bank - provide microfinances
--------.to farmers in Bangladesh at very low interest rates
--------.to small scale entrepreneurs eg tailors

Credits: 4/3'08, and Geog teacher of 4/3'08 - Mrs Lim